Background: In radiation therapy، oxygen ions have more biological benefits than lighter ions such as proton. Oxygen has a higher Linear Energy Transfer (LET) and a larger Relative Biological Effectiveness (RBE). To design the Spread-Out Bragg Peak (SOBP) of biological doses، we have developed a functional approach with Monte Carlo calculations and matrix computations. We have used this method for both oxygen and proton beams. Methods: After obtaining the profiles of the Bragg Peak by Geant4 code، intensity weighing factors for each beam was calculated to create a uniform SOBP. Also، the RBE value was calculated according to the Linear-uQadratic model (LQ). Biological dose، physical dose، and cell survival levels were also obtained in the radiation of both ions. Results: The designed biological SOBP has a good uniformity. Physical dose derived from proton and oxygen beams do not differ significantly، but for biological dose، there is a sharp difference between them. Even with the modulation of the intensity of the beams to produce the same biological dosage، the cell survival levels chart will vary greatly. Conclusion: The biological properties and effects of oxygen in respect to the proton can be a good choice to optimize the system to maximize damage to the tumor tissue and minimize damage to surrounding healthy tissues. The existence of richer tables of experimental values for the effective parameters on the amount of relative biological effectiveness greatly increases the accuracy of this optimization.

Background and Theoretical Foundations: The Indian Ocean, as one of the world's most strategic maritime regions, has increasingly become a focal point for international security and cooperation. The Indian Ocean Naval Symposium (IONS) is a key multilateral initiative aiming to strengthen maritime security cooperation among littoral states. This research is grounded in theories of multilateral security cooperation, liberal institutionalism, and international maritime law. Methodology: Methodology: Using a descriptive-analytical and comparative approach, this article explores the three core dimensions of cooperation within IONS: normative, structural, and behavioral. The study relies on library-based research, international legal documents, official reports, and a content analysis of previous IONS summit declarations. Findings: The findings reveal that although IONS has succeeded in establishing a platform for security dialogue, it faces challenges in achieving effective cooperation across all three dimensions. These include the lack of a binding legal framework, the absence of a permanent secretariat, limited conflict resolution mechanisms, and weak mutual operational trust among members. Conclusion: Strengthening legal cooperation among IONS member states requires simultaneous reinforcement of normative, structural, and behavioral elements. The Islamic Republic of Iran, due to its strategic location and naval capabilities, can play a leading role in institutionalizing legal norms and enhancing the effectiveness of IONS. The paper concludes with legal and strategic recommendations for improving the symposium’s performance.

The elementary reaction of kaon exclusive electroproduction on protons has been studied in a broad kinematical range. Data for the calculation of the form factor of the kaon have been taken at different values of the invariant center of mass energy W in the range W=1.8, 1.85, 1.98, 2.08 (GeV), for one value of the transferred 4-momentum Q2=2.35 (GeV/c)2. In this analysis, we calculated σL and σT by using the Rosenbluth separation. Then the electromagnetic kaon form factor was calculated by Chew- Low extrapolation.

In this study, the exclusive measurement of charged pions are reported in the proton-proton collisions, in them, protons are not broken. This measurement is performed in Large Hadron Collider (LHC) using Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) detector collected at a center-of-mass energy of =7 TeV and with an integrated luminosity of 450  b-1. The dipion cross section is measured for single-pion transverse momentum pT > 0. 2 GeV/c and rapidity |y| < 2, is 20. 5  0. 3 (stat)  3. 1 (syst)  0. 8 (lumi)  b. Besides, the differential cross sections as a function of  +-invariant mass are compared to phenomenological predictions.

The existing C-30 cyclotron at NRCAM is currently capable of emitting a proton beam with only Emax=30 MeV. To improve this Emax to higher energies of 250 MeV for proton therapy, this beam is injected into the conceptually designed Medical Proton Synchrotron accelerator. Prior to injection, the beam emittances in both x- and y-directions were measured to be exx=1.76x10-5 m.rad and ey= 5.64x10-5 m.rad. The obtained extracted Twiss parameters at the point of injection were; ax=-1.28, bx=12.7, gx=0.21, ay=-0.55, by=3.28, and gy=0.10. The AGILE computer program code was utilized for the lattice design of the Medical Proton Synchrotron. This design is composed of two achromatic arcs. Each arc bends 180o and has a closed dispersion bump. The designed lattice is composed of eight cells each consisting of two Quadrupoles, one Sextupole and two Dipole magnets. The extraction components of sextupole resonance (SR), electrostatic septum (ES) and magnetic septum (MS) were also placed in the designed lattice. The beta functions, as the main parameters of the lattice, have been chosen to meet requirements of the slow extraction. The working point (Qx, Qy) for adjusting the slow extraction were 1.33 and 2.62, respectively. The Hardt condition was met by minimizing the angular dispersion of the separatists corresponding to a different energy spread. The slow extraction of the accelerated particles was also analyzed. The calculation of the slow extraction is performed using the AGILE program. The obtained lattice Twiss parameters of the focusing structure are also presented.